Welcome to GOY:) To fully accomplish what you ask being near a heavily trafficked road you will require a forest of trees and years for them to grow. You will be better off considering a fence of some sort to deflect gasses and noise, I think. Potted trees would be a fail sorry to say. Whatever you decide check your zoning regulations first. Stay tuned though for answers from other members. Very Best Regards!

We would also need to know where in the States you garden. What would work for me could be far different from what works for you. It sounds like what you really need is a tall hedge or informal screen of tall shrubs, which would still be better off in the ground than in tubs. How much room is there to plant between the house and the road? Can you supply a picture?

As far as zoning regulations I would like to further explain why this is to be considered. Whether it be a shrub or a fence there are usually setback regulations as to how far from the road they may be placed or planted. This is to allow drivers to safely see you as you pull out of your driveway and visa versa; to allow you to see pedestrians, to keep obstructions clear of road shoulders ...etc