Yes. Some ferns are very aggressive. The wood next to mine is neglected, and the ferns have come charging through a stone wall and are trying to invade. I have another type that the roots blend in with the soil, so its hard to see all the pieces until they regrow.

If you dig out the rhizome I wouldn't expect the smaller roots to regenerate but if they do please do let us know!
I think the only aggressive fern in the UK really is bracken, which cares nothing for the rules...

Not a Bracken, more likely to be a Dryopteris than anything else.
Hope it has gone, I have filled 3 compost bags with fibrous roots and I am sure I missed a lot more.