Go ahead and try it, Colin. Many of the smaller chilis, such as serrano or jalapeno can bear quite quickly. They like heat, but be ready to vent the greenhouse when the fruit is more than pea size, since they develop more flavor when the nights are coolish (not frosty).

You should get the fruit from a sowing now, but it may be right at the end of the season before they ripen, but many chilis you can use while still green and they are still quite hot.

Go on, chuck a seed in a pot. If it doesn't produce this year keep the plant alive for next year.